Dynamic materials integrated into articles for adjustable physical dimensional characteristics

ABSTRACT

Integrating dynamic materials into articles for adjustable physical characteristics (e.g., aesthetic, functional) can include various systems and methods. For example, in response to a human&#39;s body heat, a dynamic material may change shape to allow additional permeability in an article of clothing. Similarly, in response to the presence of moisture, an article of clothing may change shape to prevent the introduction of rain into an internal portion of the article. Additionally, it is contemplated that the shape changing material may change shape that affects a geometric structure of the article as a whole (e.g., protrusions, dimples, vents, etc.).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/011,201 (filed Aug. 27, 2013), which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/693,638 (filed Aug. 27, 2012). Both U.S.application Ser. No. 14/011,201 and U.S. Provisional App. No. 61/693,638are incorporated herein by reference in their respective entirety.

BACKGROUND

Dynamic materials are materials that are able to alter shape in responseto a stimulus. The stimulus may be in the form of thermal energy (or thelack thereof), moisture content (or the lack thereof), light (or thelack thereof), electrical current (or the lack thereof), magneticinfluence (or the lack thereof), and other forms of stimulus.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the present invention relate to systems and methods ofintegrating dynamic materials into articles for adjustable physicalcharacteristics (e.g., aesthetic, functional). For example, in responseto a human's body heat, a dynamic material may change shape to allowadditional permeability or loft in an article of clothing. Similarly, inresponse to the presence of moisture, an article of clothing may close avent to prevent the introduction of rain into an internal portion of thearticle. The shape changing material may change shape that merelyaffects a feature formed by the shape changing material. Additionally,it is contemplated that the shape changing material may change shapethat affects a geometric structure of the article as a whole (e.g.,protrusions, dimples, vents, etc.).

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subjectmatter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described indetail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, which areincorporated by reference herein and wherein:

FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary reactive material portion comprised of abase material and a reactive structure, in accordance with aspects ofthe present invention;

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary reactive structure, in accordance withaspects of the present invention;

FIGS. 3-7 depict an exemplary construction in an active state utilizinga reactive structure and a non-reactive structure, in accordance withaspects of the present invention;

FIG. 8 depicts a dynamic material incorporated into a woven materialhaving a plurality of wefts and warps, in accordance with aspects of thepresent invention;

FIG. 9 depicts a woven material having a programmed deformation, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention;

FIGS. 10A-10C depict variable apertures in a selected portion of agarment, in accordance with aspects of the present invention;

FIGS. 11A-12B depicts exemplary electrically activated polymers (EAP)that may be utilized in one or more aspects contemplated herein;

FIG. 13 depicts a shape changing structure that fills interstitial voidsin response to an applied stimulus, in accordance with aspects of thepresent invention;

FIG. 14 depicts a planar view of a geometric material, in accordancewith aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 15 depicts a perspective view of the shape memory polymer membersof FIG. 14 extending in a first direction and the other shape memorypolymer members extending in an opposite direction, in accordance withaspects of the present invention; and

FIGS. 16-19B depict a reflex vent concept that utilizes dynamicmaterials to open and close a vent structure incorporated into anarticle, in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary auxetic structure of shaped and orienteddynamic material portions on a carrier material, in accordance withaspects of the present invention;

FIG. 21 depicts an auxetic structure having positioning lines relativeto a pattern similar to the auxetic structure discussed in FIG. 20 toillustrate the orientation and placement of dynamic material portionsrelative to one another in order to accomplish a desired Z-directionchange in response to a stimulus, in accordance with aspects of thepresent invention;

FIG. 22 depicts an exemplary relationship triangle that describes therelationship of dynamic material portions in an auxetic structure in afirst state and in a second state, in accordance with aspects of thepresent invention;

FIG. 23 depicts an auxetic structure in a dimensioned state formed fromdynamic material portions and a carrier material, in accordance withaspects of the present invention;

FIG. 24 depicts an auxetic structure in a dimensioned state that issimilar to those structures discussed in FIGS. 20, 21, and 23, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 25 depicts an alternative auxetic structure formed with a carriermaterial and a plurality of dynamic material portions, in accordancewith aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 26 depicts a dimensioned perspective of an auxetic structure havinga pattern of dynamic materials similar to those depicted in FIG. 25, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 27 depicts a dimensioned perspective of an auxetic structure havinga pattern of dynamic materials similar to those depicted in FIG. 25 froman opposite surface as that which was discussed in FIG. 26, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 28 depicts an exemplary pattern for an auxetic structure havingdynamic material portions forming simple bends, in accordance withaspects of the present invention;

FIG. 29 depicts the auxetic structure of FIG. 28 in a partiallydimensioned state, in accordance with aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 30 depicts the auxetic structure of FIG. 28 in a dimensioned state,in accordance with aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 31 depicts an exemplary dynamic material portion, in accordancewith aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 32 depicts a cross sectional view of the dynamic material portion3000 along cutline 32-32, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention;

FIG. 33 depicts a cross sectional view of the dynamic material portion3000 along cutline 33-33, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention;

FIG. 34 depicts a dynamic material portion, in accordance with aspect ofthe present invention;

FIG. 35 depicts a cross sectional view of the dynamic material portionalong cutline 35-35, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention;

FIG. 36 depicts a cross sectional view of the dynamic material portionalong cutline 36-36, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 37A-37D depict exemplary arrangement of a dynamic materialportion, a biasing material, and one or more carrier materials, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 38 depicts a series of dynamic materials segments, in accordancewith aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 39 depicts a dynamic material actuated permeable structure in a“closed” orientation, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention;

FIG. 40 depicts a dynamic material actuated permeable structure in an“open” orientation, in accordance with aspects of the present invention;

FIG. 41 depicts a cross sectional view along a cutline 41-41 of FIG. 40,in accordance with aspects of the present invention; and

FIG. 42 depicts dynamic material actuated permeable structure in an openstate, in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject matter of embodiments of the present invention is describedwith specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, thedescription itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent.Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the claimed subject mattermight also be embodied in other ways, to include different elements orcombinations of elements similar to the ones described in this document,in conjunction with other present or future technologies.

Aspects of the present invention relate to systems and methods ofintegrating dynamic materials into articles for adjustable physicalcharacteristics (e.g., aesthetic, functional). For example, in responseto a human's body heat, a dynamic material may change shape to allowadditional permeability and/or loft in an article of clothing.Similarly, in response to the presence of moisture, an article ofclothing may close a vent to prevent the introduction of rain into aninternal portion of the article. The shape changing material may changeshape that merely affects a feature formed by the shape changingmaterial. Additionally, it is contemplated that the shape changingmaterial may change shape that affects a geometric structure of thearticle as a whole (e.g., protrusions, dimples, vents, etc.).

A variety of mechanisms, materials, and applications of the materialsare contemplated. Further, any combination of mechanisms, materials,and/or applications of the materials may be used. Even if only oneparticular combination is explicitly recited herein, it is understoodthat a variety of alternative embodiments may be implemented and arecontemplated. For example, even when a shape memory polymer is describedin connection with an ink application to form and adjustable-sizedaperture, it is contemplated that a magnetic reactive or electricallyactivated material may be used as an alternative arrangement. Further,other materials not explicitly discussed herein are also contemplated.For example, while portions of the following may explicitly focus on apolymer-like substance, it is contemplated that any potentially dynamicmaterial may be substituted (e.g., metallic, organic/natural). Further,the mechanisms provided herein are merely exemplary in nature and arenot limiting. Instead, the mechanisms explicitly recited herein areintended to provide a guide as to the potential implementations of oneor more materials to provide an environment-responsive mechanism.Therefore, additional mechanisms are contemplated and providedinherently herein.

The materials, material applications, and/or mechanical structuresprovided herein are contemplated as being incorporated into one or morearticles, in an exemplary aspect. An article is an article of clothing(e.g., under garment, shirt, pant, sock, hat, glove, etc), footwear(e.g., shoe, boot, sandal), padding/protective gear, embellishments,outerwear (e.g., coat, rain suit, etc), and the like. Therefore, it iscontemplated that an article includes any component that is worn or usedby a human and is able to respond to one or more stimulus to altercharacteristics as a result of the stimulus, in an exemplary aspect.

Materials

Dynamic materials contemplated to provide one or more potentiallyphysical reactive responses include, but are not limited to, shapememory polymers, shape memory alloys, electro-activated polymers,magnetic reactive materials, and the like. As previously discussed,additional materials able to responds to one or more stimuli arecontemplated. For example, it is contemplated that a material responsiveto thermal energy (or heat generated in response to a stimuli) resultsin a physical shape change. Examples of alternative materials are thosein which a magnetic stimulus is converted into a thermal energy that inturn causes a physical change. Similarly, it is contemplated that amaterial that is effective to receive energy in the form of light energywhich is then converted into thermal energy to which a physical changeis the response.

A shape memory polymer (“SMP”) is a material that when a stimulus isapplied, the material returns back to at least one programmed shape. Aprogrammed shape is a formation (two dimensional or three dimensional)that the material is programmed to form without specific manipulation bya human or other machine. For example, a SMP may be a 1 inch wide by 3inch long, 1/32 inch thick strip of polymeric material that has aprogrammed shape of a spring-like coil. In this example, when anexternal stimulus, such as thermal energy, is introduced to the SMPmaterial, the material goes from a current shape (e.g., flat ribbon) tothe programmed state (e.g., spring-like coil) without physicalmanipulation or other shape-forming processes. Therefore, a SMP may bediscussed having at least two shapes, a first shape that is theprogrammed shape that the SMP will attempt to form when a specificstimulus is introduced and a second shape, which is a shape other thanthe first shape.

Stimuli that are contemplated as causing a material, such as a SMP, toreturn to a programmed shape may be thermal energy (e.g., heat), areduced thermal energy state (e.g., cold), light, moisture, electrical,magnetic, and other forms of energy (lack of energy) and environmentalconditions. In an exemplary aspect, it is contemplated that the stimulusis associated with the human body. For example, it is contemplated thatchanges in skin temperature and/or moisture content is sufficientstimuli to change a SMP from a second shape to a first programmed shape.In an exemplary aspect, it is contemplated that a SMP is stimulated totransition from a second state to a first state in a temperature rangeof 30 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius. Further, it is contemplatedthat an SMP may have an effective zone of thermal reactivity that iswithin a 3 degree Celsius window. For example, as a human's skintemperature changes from 34 degrees Celsius to 37 degrees Celsius duringa period of physical activity, the SMP reacts by changing from a secondshape (e.g., having closed apertures, having greater loftcharacteristics) to a first programmed shape (e.g., having openapertures, having a less loft characteristics). Other thermal ranges arecontemplated. Any type of stimulus is also contemplated.

While the previous discussion of a SMP has focused on a two positionmaterial (e.g., programmed shape and any other shape), it iscontemplated that a three or more shape SMP may be utilized. Forexample, it is contemplated that an SMP having a first programmed shapeat a first temperature, a second programmed shape at a secondtemperature, and a third shape at all other temperatures below thesecond temperature may be utilized. A multiple programmed shape polymermay be formed from a composite of two or more SMP having differentreactive temperatures or to different intensities of stimulus. Theutilization of a multiple programmed shape polymer may provide anon-binary effect such that a greater degree of shape manipulationcontrol may be achieved, in an exemplary aspect.

In other exemplary aspects, the material utilized to accomplish one ormore of the functional concepts provided herein may be responsive toelectronic input as will be discussed in greater detail with respect toFIGS. 11A through 12B hereinafter. Further, it is contemplated that thematerial may be responsive to magnetic input, such as a magneticreactive material. As previously discussed, alternative materials arealso contemplated as appropriate options for one or more aspectsprovided herein.

In an exemplary aspect of the present invention, the two-positionmaterial (or multi-position material) may utilize a biasing material toaccelerate a return to a first state from a second state upon removal ofa stimulus. For example, a SMP that goes from a dimensioned state to aflatter state as temperature increases, may return to the firstdimensioned state using a laminated or otherwise coupled biasingmaterial. In an exemplary aspect, the force exerted by a SMP (or anydynamic material) may be greater than a mechanical resistive forceapplied by the biasing material allowing the SMP to overcome theresistance provided by the biasing material when a stimulus ofsufficient intensity is applied. Therefore, it is contemplated that thebiasing material may be selected and manipulated to adjust a responsestimulus intensity that causes a change in dimension of the SMP. Thisadjustability allows for an ability to tune the dynamic material torespond to specific stimuli ranges (e.g., certain body temperatureranges). The biasing material may be formed from any material, such as adynamic material having a different stimuli-response range. Further, itis contemplated that the biasing material may be a non-dynamic material.Further, the biasing material may be selected from a number of suitablematerials, such as composites, polymers, organic materials, metallicmaterials, and the like.

The biasing material may be laminated with the dynamic material, it maybe integrated with the dynamic material, it may be positioned proximatethe dynamic material and the like. For example, FIGS. 37A-37D depictexemplary arrangement of a dynamic material portion, a biasing material,and one or more carrier materials, in accordance with aspects of thepresent invention.

FIG. 37A depicts a carrier material 3702 having a dynamic material 3704positioned on a first surface and the associated biasing material 3706on an opposite surface. FIG. 37B depicts a carrier material 3708 havinga biasing material 3712 and a dynamic material 3710 positioned on acommon surface. While FIG. 37B depicts the biasing material 3712 betweenthe carrier material 3708 and the dynamic material 3710, it iscontemplated that the biasing and dynamic materials may be arranged inan alternative relationship. FIG. 37C depicts a first carrier material3714 and a second carrier material 3720 having between them a biasingmaterial 3718 and the dynamic material 3716. Lastly, FIG. 37D depicts acarrier material 3722 and a second carrier material 3726 maintainingbetween them a dynamic material 3724 (or in an alternative aspect abiasing material). A biasing material 3728 is positioned on an oppositesurface of the second carrier material 3726 than the dynamic material3724, in this exemplary aspect. It is contemplated that differentarrangements of carrier materials, dynamic materials, and biasingmaterials may be implemented in aspects of the present invention.

Therefore, it is contemplated that the dynamic material, in response toa stimuli, returns to a geometric configuration (e.g., a first state)from a different geometric configuration (e.g., second state). Thebiasing material may provide a resistive force that causes the biasingmaterial in to the second state when a sufficient level of stimulus isnot provided. It is contemplated that the biasing material provides asufficient amount of force to the dynamic material (and other componentsof the article) to alter the shape of the dynamic material to the secondshape. However, when the provided stimulus exceeds a balancing-levelthreshold, the dynamic material exerts a force greater than that whichis provided by the biasing material. At this tipping point of stimulus,the dynamic material alters in shape to that of the first state. Uponremoval of the stimulus (or reduction below a threshold level), thebiasing material exerts a greater force on the dynamic material toreturn to the second state. As a result, a single state dynamic material(i.e., a single learned geometry) may be implemented to achieve a dualstate functionality, in an exemplary aspect.

Material Application

Regardless of the material utilized to affect a shape in response to oneor more stimulus, it is contemplated that the material may be applied ina variety of manners. For example, it is contemplated that the materialmay be printed onto an article (or underlying material forming thearticle), applied as a laminate to the article (or underlying material),incorporated at a fiber level to a material (e.g., woven, knitmaterial), and/or incorporated at the yarn/filament level. Other mannersof incorporating a material into an article are contemplated as withinthe scope of the present disclosure.

Printing of a shape changing material provides a flexible applicationmethod that may be implemented utilizing a number of technologies. Forexample, it is contemplated that a dynamic material, such as a SMP may,be in the form of a polyurethane liquid that may be printed onto aformed article or onto a non-SMP material that will be integrated intothe formed article. The printing process may be accomplished with ascreen printing technique traditionally used for applying non-functionalinks. Further, it is contemplated that a computer controlled printer(e.g., ink jet-like printer) may be utilized to selectively apply a SMPink.

Printing of a SMP may be done on a two-dimensional surface. In thisexample, if the desired programmed shape is something other than a twodimensional form, it is contemplated that the material onto which theSMP is printed may then be placed on a mold (e.g., a 3-D form) havingthe desired programmed shape for “teaching” the SMP the desiredprogrammed shape. As previously discussed, the teaching of a programmedshape may include subjecting the SMP to a stimulus equivalent or greaterthan will be used to instruct the SMP to return to the programmed shape.For example, when thermal energy is the stimulus, the SMP may learn theprogrammed shape at a temperature greater than a temperature at whichthe material returns to the programmed shape from an alternative shape.Consequently, it is contemplated that the mold onto which the printedSMP is placed may provide the necessary thermal energy to teach a shape.Further, it is contemplated that an external thermal energy source(e.g., oven) may be utilized to introduce the necessary stimulus causingthe programmed shape to be registered by the SMP.

Further, it is contemplated that the SMP ink may be printed onto thematerial having the programmed shape. For example, the material ontowhich the ink is placed may be positioned onto a three-dimensional formprior to being printed and while having the printed material applied.Therefore, it is contemplated that one or more portions of printed SMPink material are printed on a relatively two-dimensional surface andthen subsequently programmed a desired shape or printed onto athree-dimensional surface in the desired programmed shape.

In an exemplary aspect, it is contemplated that an SMP ink may be apolyurethane material that is applied in a liquid-like state. Afterapplication of the SMP ink in a liquid-like state, a curing process maybe applied that cures the SMP ink into a non-liquid state. The curingprocess may be done at a temperature that also results in teaching theSMP ink a desired shape. Stated differently, an SMP ink may be cured andprogrammed in a common process.

One or more mechanical structures contemplated herein may utilizevarious geometric configurations. For example, a cage-like structurehaving a low elasticity and a geometric structure of SMP within thecage-like structure will be discussed hereinafter. In this example, thecage-like structure may be formed through a printing process using afirst type of ink/material in conjunction with a first screen in ascreen-printing process. The geometric structure may also be printedwith an SMP material using a second screen in a screen-printing process.Therefore, it is contemplated that a variety of functional structuresmay be applied to a common article through the use of successivescreens.

A second material application contemplated is a sheet-like application,such as a laminate. In an exemplary aspect a SMP is in a sheet-like formthat is able to be applied to an article. For example, a laminatestructure formed with SMP may bond to an article with the application ofheat and/or pressure. The bonding process, much like the previousdiscussion regarding curing of ink, may be done under conditions thatboth bond the laminate and teach a desired shape.

The laminate may be applied to the article in a uniform sheet manner.Further, if a desired geometric pattern that is not uniform in naturemay be accomplished by post application cutting (e.g., knife, die,laser), masking (e.g., negative masking, positive masking), and othertechniques. In the alternative, it is contemplated that the laminate maybe formed into a desired geometric pattern prior to being applied to theunderlying article. For example, a lattice like structure, as will bediscussed hereinafter, may be formed from the sheet-like material bycutting, masking, or other operations prior to being applied.

Similar to the previous discussion on SMP ink teaching, it iscontemplated that the laminate SMP material may be applied in atwo-dimensional manner and then subsequently formed into a desired threedimensional shape for teaching purposes. Further, it is contemplatedthat the laminate SMP material may be applied to an article in thedesired programmed shape. In yet another aspect, it is contemplated thatthe laminate SMP material is programmed a desired shape prior to beingapplied to an underlying article when the bonding of the laminate to theunderlying article does not affect the teaching of the SMP laminateshape.

It is contemplated that the SMP laminate may be formed in a layeredmanner such that a first layer is an SMP material. A second layer may bean adhesive layer. Therefore, the striated layer allows for the SMPmaterial to be bonded with an article without the need for selectivelyapplied bonding agents to the article (e.g., adhesive). Additionally, itis contemplated that a laminate may be referred to as a heat transferherein, in exemplary aspects.

A third material application contemplated herein is at a fiber level.The fiber level is contrasted with the yarn level that will be discussedhereinafter as a fourth material application. In an exemplary aspect,pluralities of fibers are combined to form a yarn structure. The termyarn encompasses comparables, such as threads, cord, string, and othermore macro structures (relative to a fiber level structure) utilized toform woven, knit, and other textile-like structures.

The fiber level material application contemplates incorporating fibershaving similar characteristics into a yarn-like structure. Similarly,the fiber level material application also contemplates incorporating twoor more fibers having different characteristics into a yarn-likestructure. For example, a variable response yarn-like structure may beformed by adjusting the number or type of threads having differentcharacteristics (e.g., temperature at which a programmed shape isactivated). Further, the combination of fibers having desiredcharacteristics from an article perspective (e.g., elasticity, hand,strength, toughness, repellency, thermal retention, moisture management,and the like) may be combined with fibers resulting in a SMP-likereaction to one or more stimulus.

A fiber may be formed by extruding a SMP material into an appropriatedimension for incorporation as a fiber into one or more macrostructures. Further, it is contemplated that a SMP material may beapplied to a non-SMP fiber. For example, a non-SMP fiber may be drawnthrough a SMP solution to impregnate the fiber with SMP material.Similarly, it is contemplated that a powder SMP material may be appliedto a non-SMP fiber, which also imparts SMP onto/into the non-SMP fiber.

The fourth material application, as previously discussed, is a yarn-likestructure. The yarn-like structure (referred to hereinafter as yarn)encompasses comparables, such as threads, cord, string, and other moremacro structures (relative to a fiber level structure) utilized to formwoven, knit, and other textile-like structures. Therefore, as previouslydiscussed with respect to the fiber level material application, it iscontemplated that the yarn may be extruded in whole or in part from aSMP material. Further, it is contemplated that an SMP material may beapplied to a non-SMP yarn as a whole or in part. For example, individualfiber portions may be incorporated into the yarn that are SMP whileother portions are not SMP material based. Further, the yarn may have anSMP solution or powder applied to impart SMP characteristics onto theyarn.

At both the fiber and the yarn level of material application, it iscontemplated that an article is formed in whole or in part with theyarn/fiber(s) having SMP characteristics. For example, it iscontemplated that an article is formed with a textile having SMPfiber/yarn(s) woven therein. Further, an article may be formed by aknitting process having one or more SMP type yarn/fiber(s).Additionally, an SMP yarn/fiber may be applied, sewn, stitched,inserted, or otherwise incorporated into an article prior to, during, orpost processing.

Consequently, a number of methods for imparting dynamic materials intoan article are contemplated herein. Regardless of if printing,laminating, fiber incorporation, and/or yarn incorporation is utilized,it is contemplated that any variation of materials and combination maybe utilized in one or more aspects.

Mechanical Structures

Turning to the figures that depict exemplary mechanical structuresincorporating various materials, material application, and physicalcomponents to achieve dynamic material movement with physical changescaused by one or more stimulus. The following are exemplary in natureand are not limiting as to the scope of the concepts provided. Instead,the following mechanical structures provide insight into thosestructures contemplated and possible for accomplishing control ofenvironmental values utilizing shape memory materials.

FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary reactive material portion 100 comprised of abase material 102 and a reactive structure 112, in accordance withaspects of the present invention. The base material may be a fabric-likematerial traditionally incorporated into an article. For example, thebase material 102 may be an elastic material able to move/wick moistureaway from a wearer's body and having a plurality of aperturesincorporated therein to provide passive permeability options. As withother components provided herein, exemplary aspects of the base materialare not limiting as to the options contemplated.

The reactive structure 112 may be an SMP printed, laminated, orotherwise bonded to the base material 102. The reactive structure 112may react to any number of stimuli discussed herein, such as temperaturechanges to a wearer's body. The reactive structure 112 may be programmedto have the shape depicted in FIG. 1 that produces a dimple portion 108surrounded by a protrusion portion 110 that extends beyond a planedefined by a bottom surface 104 and a top surface 106. For example, whenthe thermal energy applied to the reactive structure 112 is below theprogrammed shape temperature, the protrusion portion may maintain adimensionalized geometry that creates the protrusion portion 110extending beyond a plane generally defined by the bottom surface 104.However, when the thermal energy exceeds the programmed shape activatingtemperature, the reactive structure 112 may react and a hinge portion118 may invert causing the protrusion portion to extend above the topsurface 106. In this example, the hinge portion 118 adjusts a plane inwhich the protrusion portion 110 extends above or below a flange portion114 and a central portion 116. As will be discussed in greater detailhereinafter, it is contemplated that a greater dimensional offsetdifference between extreme planes of the reactive materials portion 100exists at a lower temperature (e.g., to form a greater loft-likeinsulative characteristic) than the dimensional offset that exists at ahigher temperature (e.g., to reduce the insulation characteristics).Stated differently, as a wearer's body temperature increases, thedynamic material reacts to reduce the insulation characteristics of thearticle to facilitate better cooling of the wearer.

In an alternative aspect, it is contemplated that when the temperatureapplied to the reactive structure exceeds the programmed memorytemperature, the base material 102 is allowed to flatten which reducesan amount of compressive force previously applied by the base material102 to the wearer because of the realization of additional materialsthat were traditionally used in a z-direction (e.g., protrusion portion110). Regardless of the resulting reactionary change, a manipulation ofthe environment created, in part, by the base material 102 is caused.For example, adjusting the portions of the material again the wearer'sbody, the tightness of the fit, and other mechanical changes may allowfor more ventilation/permeability to cool the wearer.

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary reactive structure 200, in accordance withaspects of the present invention. The reactive structure 200 may beimplemented in a manner previously discussed with respect to FIG. 1hereinabove. For example, the reactive structure 200 may be a printedstructure that is printed directly onto a base material or onto atransfer material to be applied more like a laminate-like structure.Further, it is contemplated that the reactive structure 200 may beformed from a film-like material. The reactive structure 200 may belaser cut, die cut, knife cut, or any other technique for extracting adesired form from a sheet material.

The reactive structure 200 is formed as an exemplary lattice structure.However, it is contemplated that the uniformity depicted in FIG. 2 isexemplary in nature only. Gradients, zoned, and organic sizing, shaping,and orienting of the members and voids forming the lattice arecontemplated. Therefore, any type of structure is contemplated as beingformed to accomplish the functional aspects provided herein. Further, itis contemplated that a lattice like structure may provideventilation/permeability and flexibility for use in connection withexemplary articles.

FIGS. 3-7 depict an exemplary construction in an active state 300utilizing a reactive structure 302 and a non-reactive structure 304, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention. When in an activatedstate, the reactive structure 302 may expand but the non-reactivestructure 304 inhibits expansion in an X-Y plane causing the expansioninto a Z direction. The expansion in the Z direction generates an offset306 between the reactive structure 302 and the non-reactive structure304. The offset 306 represents a measurement of a “bubbling” like effectas the reactive structure 302 expands away from the X-Y plane in whichthe non-reactive structure 304 is contained. Consequently, thenon-reactive structure 304 may serve as a cage-like structure preventingmovement of the reactive structure 302 in the X-Y plane.

In an exemplary aspect, it is contemplated that the non-reactivestructure 304 is a dimensionally-stable non-stretch material that isprinted or laminated onto an article (or material forming the article).The reactive portion 302 is contemplated as a dielectric elastomeractuator acting in a circuit-like manner. However, it is contemplatedthat the reactive structure 302 may also be an SMP material having aprogrammed shape that is larger when activated than when not activated.

The activation of the reactive structure 302 may create a dimensionalgeometry in the Z direction that results in one or more volumes useablefor trapping air or pulling an underlying base material away from thewearer, in an exemplary aspect.

FIG. 4 depicts a construction in a non-activated state 400 utilizing thereactive structure 302 and the non-reactive structure 304, in accordancewith aspects of the present invention. When not activated, the reactivestructure 302 may maintain a geometric configuration that issubstantially within an X-Y plane of the non-reactant structure 304.Consequently, an offset 308 may be minimal in a Z plane between thereactive structure 302 and the non-reactant structure 304.

FIG. 5 depicts an arrangement 500 of the non-reactive structure 304arranged on a base material 502, in accordance with aspects of thepresent invention. While a specific geographic orientation isillustrated, it is contemplated that the non-reactive structure 304 maybe of any size and/or shape.

FIG. 6 depicts an arrangement 600 of the reactive structure 302 arrangedon the base material 502, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention. While a specific geographic orientation is illustrated, it iscontemplated that the reactive structure 302 may be of any size and/orshape.

FIG. 7 depicts an arrangement 700 of the reactive structure 302 and thenon-reactive structure 304 on the base material 502, in accordance withaspects of the present invention. As depicted, the reactive structure302 is a continuous circuit-like geometry allowing for an electricallyactivated elastomer to form a complete circuit, in an exemplary aspect.However, it is contemplated that additional structures may beimplemented depending on a number of factors and considerations. Forexample, when differing materials, such as SMP materials, are utilized,the continuous nature may not be necessary, in an exemplary aspect.Further, depending on desired zoning and or flexibility, it may beadvantageous to terminate one or more portions of the reactive and/ornon-reactive structures 302 and 304 respectively.

FIG. 8 depicts a woven material 800 having a plurality of wefts andwarps, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Warps 802and 804 and wefts 806 and 808 are exemplary in nature. It iscontemplated that those elements identified as warps and wefts may beswitched in an aspect of the present invention.

It is contemplated that one or more wefts and/or one or more warps areformed with a SMP material, at least in part. For example, a fibermaterial application and/or a yarn material application may beimplemented in exemplary aspects of the present invention. In thepresent example, the warps 802 and 804 are formed from a SMP materialwhile the wefts 806 and 808 may be formed from non-SMP materials.However, it is also contemplated that the wefts 806 and 808 are also orin the alternative formed with SMP materials.

A deformation within the woven material 800 is contemplated as occurringas a result of a dynamic material reacting to an applied stimulus. Thedeformation may include a “loosening” of the weave in selectedlocations, such as deformation 810 that generates a void 812. Thedeformation 810, in this example, is formed by the warps 802 and the 804reacting to a stimulus to return to a programmed shape that non-linearin an opposing direction from one another. As the warps 802 and 804return to a programmed shape, they separate from one another forming thedeformation 810.

Applied as the yarn material application level may allow for the naturalmovement of the woven material 800 to move at the warp and weft layersto aid in those warps/wefts trying to form into a programmed shape by“shaking” out the material to relieve resistance created by the warpsand wefts interacting with each other. Therefore, when the wovenmaterial 800 moves, the warp 802 may move relative to the wefts 806allowing the warp 802 to return to a programmed shape with lessresistance provided by the weft 806.

It is contemplated that when an activating stimulus is removed that thewoven material 800 returns back to a more traditional X/Y wovenconfiguration that is substantially orthogonal to one another. Again,the movement of the woven material may facilitate an easier return to atraditional woven configuration by reducing resistance to warp/weftmovement. Further, it is contemplated that a material is selected forthe warps/wefts that reduces resistance to movement to also aid inreturning to or returning from a programmed shape.

FIG. 9 depicts a woven material 900 having a programmed deformation 906,in accordance with aspects of the present invention. The deformation 906is a protrusion-like structure that extends outwardly from a surface ofthe woven material 900. It is contemplated that both warps and wefts ofthe woven material 900 are formed, at least in part with a dynamicmaterial. For example a warp 902 and a weft 904, in this example, areformed with a dynamic material. The woven material 900 is programmed toform the deformation 906 when a particular stimulus (or intensity of thestimulus) is applied, in an exemplary aspect. While the deformation 906is depicted as a general protrusion, it is contemplated that the anygeometric configuration may be implemented. For example, a wave-likestructure may be programmed that provides a corrugated-like effect thatincreases a volume of air next to a wearer.

FIGS. 10A-10C depict variable apertures in a selected portion 1000 of agarment, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Theportion 1000 is comprised of multiple aperture zones. A first aperturezone 1002, a second aperture zone 1004, and a third aperture zone 1006are illustrated.

A variable aperture is on that reacts to a provided stimulus causing achange in an area (e.g., diameter of a circular aperture) of theaperture. Therefore, a variable aperture may be utilized as a ventingstructure that provides larger venting apertures in response toincreased thermal energy associated with the wearer (or any source). Thevariable aperture size may be accomplished through a printing of anaperture perimeter that is programmed to have varied perimeter sizesbased on stimulus. The apertures may be varied at a fiber/yarn levelthat adjusts the aperture through a manipulation of radial fibersforming the aperture perimeter. Further, it is contemplated that theapertures may be formed, at least in part, with a laminate formed from adynamic material. For example, a zone (e.g., first aperture zone 1002)may be a laminate portion having a plurality of apertures formed thereinsuch that the zone is then applied to a portion of the garment. Theapplied zone therefore may be customized for a level of aperture size,shape, and reactionary criteria.

In FIG. 10a the first aperture zone 1002, the second aperture zone 1004,and the third aperture zone 1006 are all comprised of a plurality ofapertures 1008 having a first size. FIG. 10B depicts the first aperturezone 1002 having a plurality of apertures 1010 having a second size andthe second aperture zone 1004 maintaining the plurality of apertures atthe first size. In this example, it is contemplated that the aperturesin zone 1002 are formed with an SMP having a different programmed shapetemperature than those apertures in the second aperture zone 1004.Therefore, when a temperature increases enough to cause a reaction inthe SMP of the first aperture zone 1002, the temperature is notsufficient to also affect the apertures in the second aperture zone.This differential in activation provides a zonal option for adjusting alevel of permeability in particular areas with varied stimulationlevels.

FIG. 10c depicts both the first aperture zone 1002 and the secondaperture zone 1004 comprised of a plurality of apertures 1012 having athird size. In this example, the apertures of the first aperture zone1002 may be formed from a three-stage dynamic material that is able tohave at least two different programmed shapes. The dynamic materialutilized in the second aperture zone 1004 may be formed of as atwo-stage dynamic material that is able to learn only a single shape.Alternatively, it is contemplated that the apertures in the secondaperture zone 1004 may have yet another size they are functional toachieve at a higher level of stimulation.

As previously discussed, it is contemplated that any type of stimulationmay be utilized to activate one or more shape memory materials. Forexample, while thermal energy was discussed with respect to FIGS.10A-10C, it is contemplated that moisture or light may also provide astimulation to which a shape memory material reacts.

FIGS. 11A-12B depicts exemplary electrically activated polymers (EAP)(another exemplary dynamic material) that may be utilized in one or moreaspects contemplated herein. In general, it is contemplated that when anelectrical current is applied to a material having a core forming afirst electrode and to an outer surface forming a second electrode, adisplaceable mass sandwiched between the electrodes may be displayed ina desired direction adjusting a resulting shape. For example, it iscontemplated that a silicone-like substance may be sandwiched around aconductive core and an external surface. When an electrical current isapplied to the core and outer surface, an attractive force is generatedthat attracts the outer surface towards the core resulting in thesandwiched silicone mass to be displaced in an elongated manner,resulting in a “growth” of the materials in a defined direction.

FIGS. 11A and 11B depicts a ribbon 1100 of EAP having an outerelectrically conductive surface 1102 and an electrically conductive core1104. When in a non-activated state, the ribbon 1100 has a length of1106. However, when in activated state, as depicted in FIG. 11B, theribbon elongates to have a length equivalent to length 1108. It iscontemplated that the ribbon 1100 may be formed in a variety of manners.For example a multi-material extrusion is contemplated.

Similar to FIGS. 11A-11B, FIGS. 12A-12B depict an EAP structure that isa cylinder 1200. The cylinder 1200 is comprised of an outer surface 1202and an inner core 1204 and has a length 1206 in a non-activated state.However, when activated, the length of the cylinder 1200 expands to alength 1208, as depicted in FIG. 12B.

It is contemplated that the ribbon 1100 and the cylinder 1200 may beused as trim-like pieces, automatic lacing, haptic feedback devices, andthe like. Further, it is contemplated that about a 30% elongation ispossible in one or more aspects utilizing an EAP.

FIG. 13 depicts a shape changing structure 1300 that fills interstitialvoids in response to an applied stimulus, in accordance with aspects ofthe present invention. The structure 1300 is comprised of two primaryforms. The first form is a non-reactive framework 1302. The second is areactive framework 1304. When a stimulus is applied, the reactive framework expands. The expansion of the reactive framework fills aninterstitial void 1310 between the first framework 1302 and the secondframework 1304. In an exemplary aspect, the second framework 1304 isformed with an EAP portion 1308 and a conductive link portion 1306. Theconductive link portion 1306 facilitates the transmission of electricalcurrent between two of the EAP portions 1308. Additionally, it iscontemplated that the first or second frameworks 1302 and 1304respectively may be formed from a SMP.

FIG. 14 depicts a planar view of a geometric material 1400 forming anauxetic structure, in accordance with aspects of the present invention.The planar material 1400 is formed with a base material 1402 onto whicha first side is applied SMP members 1404 and onto the opposite side SMPmembers 1406. Stated differently, the SMP members 1404 are printed orotherwise applied to a top surface of the base material 1402 and the SMPmembers 1406 are printed or otherwise applied to a bottom surface of thebase material 1402. The SMP members 1404 are programmed to extend in afirst direction (away from the opposing SMP members 1406) and the SMPmember 1406 are programmed to extend in a second direction (away fromthe opposing SMP member 1404), as depicted in FIG. 15.

FIG. 15 depicts a perspective view of the SMP members 1404 extending ina first direction and the SMP members 1406 extending in an oppositedirection, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Thisarrangement forms a dimensionalized textile that is reactive to one ormore stimuli. While SMP materials are described, it is also contemplatedthat the SMP members 1404 and/or 1406 may be a magnetic responsivematerial as well or in the alternative. Alternative arrangements,shapes, sizes, and programmed shapes of the SMP members 1404 and 1406are contemplated.

As previously discussed, it is contemplated that achieve thedimensionalized textile illustrated in FIG. 15, the textile having theSMP members 1404 and 1406 coupled thereon is inserted into a mold thatis aligned to the positioning of the SMP member 1404 and 1406 such thata proper upward or downward form is associated with the SMP members.Once positioned, it is contemplated that the mold itself or and externalsource applies the appropriate energy (e.g., thermal, lights) thatallows for the SMP members 1404 and 1406 to be programmed in the shapeprovided by the mold.

FIGS. 16-19B depict a reflex vent concept that utilizes shape memorymaterials to open and close a vent structure incorporated into anarticle, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Inparticular, FIG. 16 depicts an article, such as a jacket 1600, in whicha reflex vent 1602 is incorporated in a rear shoulder region. Inresponse to stimulus, such as thermal energy or moisture, the reflexvent 1602 opens or closes to expose or conceal one or more apertures1604. As the reflex vent 1602 exposes the apertures 1604, air movementfrom a first side to an opposite second side of the jacket 1600 isallowed. As with other traditional venting methods, the movement ofairflow facilitates regulating temperature inside the article. Further,it is contemplated that the reflex vent 1602 may be responsive tomoisture, such as rain, allowing for the vent to close in the presenceof rain. The closing of the reflex vent 1602 shields the apertures 1604from the external moisture and limits that entry of the moisture into aninterior portion of the jacket 1600. While a jacket 1600 is depicted, itis contemplated that a reflex vent may be incorporated into any article.

FIG. 17 depicts a vent assembly 1700, in accordance with aspects of thepresent invention. The vent assembly 1700 may be incorporated into thejacket 1600 of FIG. 16 discussed previously, in an exemplary aspect. Thevent 1700 is comprised of a body portion 1702. The body portion 1702 maybe a heat transfer material that allows the vent 1700 to be bonded to anarticle with heat and/or pressure. It is contemplated that the bondingof the body portion 1702 to the article may be done at a temperaturesufficient to teach SMP materials a desired shape.

The vent 1700 is further comprised of SMP hinge portions 1704. The hingeportions 1704 are located at a fold lines 1714 and 1716. The fold linesseparate a venting portion 1710 from flange portions 1708 and 1712. Uponactivation by a stimulus, each of the hinge portions 1704 attempt to gofrom a creased overlapping state (e.g., folded) to a common planar state(e.g., flat), which exposes the venting portion 1710 to an externalenvironment for venting purposes.

FIG. 18 depicts an open state of a vent 1800 incorporated into anarticle, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. The vent1800 is comprised of the body portion 1702, hinge portions 1704, flangeportions 1708 and 1712, and vent portion 1710, all previously discussedwith respect to FIG. 17. In this side perspective view, the ventassembly is coupled with a portion 1802 of an article. It iscontemplated that the portion 1802 is a panel on an article of clothing,but it is also contemplated that the portion 1802 may be a portion ofany article. The open nature of the vent assembly allows a great volumeof air to flow from a first side of the portion 1802 to another side ofthe portion 1802. While not depicted, it is contemplated that aplurality of apertures extends through the portion 1802 in positionsaligned with apertures within the vent portion 1710.

FIG. 19A depicts a vent assembly 1902 in a closed position, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention. In this simplifiedside perspective, the vent assembly is close by way of hinge portions ina creased state causing flange portions and associated portions 1802 tooverlap a vent portion. FIG. 19B shows a series of stacked ventassemblies 1902 demonstrating that two or more vent assemblies may beutilized in concert to achieve a desired permeability (e.g., transfer ofair and/or moisture) characteristic.

Dimensional Structures

Dynamic materials may be implemented to form dimensional structures(e.g., FIGS. 1-9 and 13-14) that are responsive to one or more stimuli.A dimensional structure may be the formation of volume effective foraffecting the movement of air and/or moisture. For example, a dynamicmaterial may be used to change the loft (i.e., insulative capacity) ofan article in response to thermal energy. In this example, it iscontemplated that as a user of an article (e.g., shirt, pant,undergarment, outerwear) begins to have an elevated body temperatureresulting from increased activity (e.g., participation in an athleticendeavor), the article reduces the insulative ability in one or moreportions based on a mechanical response by a dynamic material respondingthe increase in thermal energy output by the wearer. Similarly, it iscontemplated that as external thermal energy (or any other stimuli)changes, the article adapts to those changes (e.g., as the ambienttemperature drops, the dynamic material causes the article to increasethe loft to increase an insulation factor). Additional examples ofdimensional structures are provided herein; however, it is contemplatedthat additional aspects and derivatives of those aspects provided hereinare also potential implementations to achieve a dynamic dimensionalmaterial having dynamic materials integrated therein.

A dimensional structure may incorporate and/or leverage an auxeticstructure to achieve one or more desired characteristics. An auxeticstructure is a structure that has a negative Poisson's ratio. When astructure has a negative Poisson's ratio, a positive strain in alongitudinal axis of the structure results in the transverse strain inthe material also being positive (i.e. it would increase the crosssectional area). Stated differently, an auxetic structure increases insize at a direction that is perpendicular to an applied stretch force,which is contrary to a material having a positive Poisson's ratio thatthins in the cross sectional direction when stretched in thelongitudinal direction. Some of the dimensional structure providedherein achieves a negative Poisson's ratio through the unique geometryand orientation of the dynamic materials. This created auxetic structurefrom dynamic materials alone or in combination with an underlyingcarrier material allows a longitudinal expansion or contraction of thedynamic material to result in a similar expansion/contraction in aperpendicular direction of the article. For example, as the dynamicmaterial expand in a first direction of the article, the article mayalso expand in at least one more direction perpendicular to the firstdirection (e.g., width or thickness). While auxetic structures aredescribed and depicted herein, aspects of the invention are not limitedto auxetic structures. It is contemplated that structures having apositive Poisson's ratio may be implemented in aspects of the presentinvention.

The concept of an auxetic structure allows for an article to be formedthat is able to form to the natural curves and shaped of an organicobject, such as a wearer while maintaining structural aspects. Forexample, a joint region (e.g., knee, shoulder, and elbow) of a wearerexperiences a wide variety of orientation and positional changes forwhich a form-fitting structure that also provide structure aspects isdesired. The structural aspects may facilitate dynamic altering a liftoff from the wearer's body, generating loft, or other thermal regulatingfunctions. Further, while “dimensionality” will be discussed asachieving change in the Z-direction, the auxetic structure iscontemplated as operating with a negative Poisson's ration in at leastthe X and Y direction of the material, in an exemplary aspect.

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary auxetic structure 2000 of shaped andoriented dynamic material portions on a carrier material 2001, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention. The dynamic material,as previously discussed above may be a shape memory polymer (e.g., acomposite of an SMP and a biasing material). In this example, a commonform of a dynamic material is oriented in a specific pattern on thecarrier material 2001. For example, a radial pattern may be identifiedabout a circular area 2002 comprised of portions 2004, 2006, and 2008 ina first relative orientation to the circular area 2002 and portions 210,212, and 214 in an opposite second relative orientation to the circulararea 2002. The portions 2004, 2006, and 2008 will be referred to aslesser oriented while the portions 2010, 2012, and 2014 will be referredto as greater oriented to the circular area 2002. The greater orientedis derived from a longitudinal length of the portion that extends from abisecting line of the portion that extends between inflection points oftwo sides. Stated differently, the lesser oriented portions are thosethat have the shorter end of the portion proximate to the circular area2002 where the shorter end is defined as extending from a perpendicularline extending between the widest width of the portion to an end on alengthwise axis of the portion. The greater oriented portions have agreater length measured from the perpendicular line extending betweenthe widest widths of the portion to an end on the lengthwise axis of theportion.

The auxetic structure 2000 implements an alternating sequence of greateroriented portions and lesser oriented portions about the circular area2002. While the circular area 2002 is depicted in FIG. 20, it is merelydepicted for illustrative purposes in this example. As will be discussedin FIGS. 21-24 hereinafter, the auxetic structure 2000 comprised of theportions 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014 causes a dimensionalchange to the underlying carrier material 2001 that results in adimensional material in a Z-direction relative to the depicted X-Y planeof FIG. 20. This Z-direction change may be used to affect the insulationvalue of an associated article to increase the insulation qualities witha reduction in temperature and a decrease in insulation qualities withan increase in temperature.

FIG. 21 depicts an auxetic structure 2100 having positioning linesrelative to a pattern similar to auxetic structure 2000 discussed inFIG. 20 to illustrate the orientation and placement of portions relativeto one another to accomplish a desired Z-direction change in response toa stimulus, in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

For example, longitudinal axis of portions radially oriented about apoint 2102 intersects the point 2102. An exemplary longitudinal axis2112 is depicted for a portion 2114. A segment 2110 that isperpendicular to the longitudinal axis 2112 is also depicted extendingbetween the widest widths of the portion 2114. As discussed with respectto FIG. 20, the lesser orientation and the greater orientation of theportions is determined based on a length along the longitudinal axis asit extends from the segment 2110 to an end of the portion 2114. A point2104 is defined at the intersection of the longitudinal axis 2112 andthe segment 2110. The point 2104 may be referred to as a vertex point asthis point for each of the greater oriented portions may be connected toform an equilateral triangle, in this example. For example, vertices2104 and 2106 are connected by a segment 2108. The segment 2108 forms aside of an equilateral triangle that defines, in part, the functionalpattern of the portions relative to one another.

The segments that extend between vertices points also form the segmentlines defining the widest width of the lesser oriented portions.Therefore, each side of the triangular segments perpendicular intersectthe longitudinal axis of the lesser oriented portions radially orientedabout a common center point. This intersection by a triangular segmentis illustrated with segment 2116, which intersects a longitudinal axisof a portion 2118 at a point 2120. The segment 2116 demarks the widestwidth of the portion 2118 as it passed through the portion 2118. As willbe discussed in greater detail in FIG. 22 hereinafter, it is thismidpoint of the triangular segment, such as point 2120, that defines ahinge function to create dimensional change and facilitate the auxeticnature of the resulting structure.

It should be understood that the various points and line segmentsdepicted in FIG. 21 are provided to illustrate the unique orientationand pattern formed to achieve aspects of the present invention. Thesepoints and line segments may not be visible on an actual article, butinstead provided herein to aid in understanding the unique relationshipof the various portions.

FIG. 22 depicts an exemplary relationship triangle 2200 that coulddescribe the relationship of portions in an auxetic structure in a firststate 2204 represented by the solid lines and in a second state 2206 asrepresented by the dashed lines, in accordance with aspects of thepresent invention. The relationship triangle could be implemented withrespect to the portions depicted in FIGS. 20, 21, and 23-27, inexemplary aspects. The first state 2204 of the relationship triangle mayresult in a minimal Z-direction dimensionality of the underlying articlecompared to the second state of the relationship triangle, which wouldhave a greater Z-direction dimensionality, in an exemplary aspect.

The change from a first state 2204 to a second state 2206 in therelationship triangle may be a result of the dynamic material portionslocated at the vertices and the midpoints of the relationship triangle.For example, the dynamic materials may form a dimensioned shape (e.g.,such as those depicted in FIGS. 31-36 hereinafter) relying on complexspatial curves that form a structural element from an otherwisesubstantially planar material.

The first state of the relationship triangle 2204 is depicted in solidlines. For example, two vertices points, 2214 and 2216, have a segmentextending between them that is divided into a first segment portion 2208and a second segment portion 2210 separated by a midpoint 2212. In thefirst state, the segment portions 2208 and 2210 are in a substantiallyparallel relationship to form a seemingly linear segment betweenvertices 2214 and 2216. The first state 2204 and the second state 2206share a common center point 2202, in this example.

In the second state 2206 represented by the dashed lines, a change inshape of dynamic materials located at the vertices and midpointsdistorts the relationship triangle such that the vertices and midpointsare in a different spatial relationship. For example, a vertex 2215 inthe second state is the vertex 2214 in the first state. A midpoint 2213and vertex 2217 is the midpoint 2212 and the vertex 2216 in the secondstate, respectively. A segment 2211 extends between the vertex 2215 andthe midpoint 2213 and a segment 2209 extends between the vertex 2217 andthe midpoint 2213. The segment 221 and the segment 2209 are not in asubstantially parallel relationship, and therefore, do not form a linearsegment between the vertex 2215 and 2217. It is this change in locationof the vertices and midpoints depicted by the first state 2204relationship triangle and the second state 2206 relationship trianglethat is realized during the change of the dynamic materials.

FIG. 23 depicts an auxetic structure 2300 in a dimensioned state (e.g.,second state from FIG. 22) formed from dynamic material portions and acarrier material, in accordance with aspects of the present invention.The dynamic material, in this example, is in a shape that alters theexemplary relationship triangle proportions between the dynamicmaterials portions such that a segment 2306 and a segment 2308 divergefrom a parallel relationship at a midpoint 2304. This dimensioned stateis further depicted in FIG. 24 hereinafter to show the formed facetsthat are partially defined by the axial elements extending from a centerpoint 2302.

FIG. 24 depicts an auxetic structure 2400 in a dimensioned state that issimilar to those structures discussed in FIGS. 20, 21, and 23, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention. In this example, aZ-direction dimensionality extends in a negative direction, which isaway from a viewing perspective plane of FIG. 24. Stated differently,the dimensionality formed in FIG. 24 extends into the plane on whichFIG. 24 is illustrated (e.g., downwardly). However, it is contemplatedthat the dimensionality may extend upwardly as well or in thealternative.

FIG. 24 depicts a number of dynamic material portions in a non-planarorientation, such as a portion 2402, positioned on a carrier material,such as a textile or other portion of an article, in accordance withaspects of the present invention. The dynamic material portions may forma complex curve (e.g., a convex curved intersection with a concavecurve) as will be discussed in greater detail in FIGS. 31-36. Asillustrated, the lesser-oriented and the greater-oriented portionsinteract to form the relationship triangle discussed previously. Forexample, in the depicted state, a segment 2204 is in a non-parallelrelationship with a segment 2206 as the segments diverge from a midpoint2408. Similarly, it is contemplated as the dynamic portions change shapeaway from a planar state, the midpoint 2408 may approach anothermidpoint of the relationship triangle, such as a midpoint 2410. Thisconvergence of the mid points is associated with a maximum Z-directionchange of the article at the location of that relationship triangle, inan exemplary aspect. The change in the dynamic material shape forms amulti-faceted (e.g., 6 facets) volume extending in a Z-direction from aprimary plane of the article. As will be appreciated, angular facets aredepicted in FIGS. 21-24; however, curved features may also beimplemented, as will be discussed in FIGS. 34-36 hereinafter.

Reflecting back on FIG. 21 and FIG. 24, a first state of the auxeticstructure is depicted in FIG. 21 while a second state of the auxeticstructure is depicted in FIG. 24. It is contemplated in an exemplaryaspect that the first state of the auxetic structure may be moresuitable in a warmer environment or when a user's body temperature is ata greater level than that when the auxetic structure is in the secondstate. For example, article, such as article of clothing, provide abetter heat transfer and therefore cooling effect when in a lessdimensioned state. The first state of the auxetic structure is a lessdimensioned state compared to the second state of FIG. 24. Stateddifferently, it is contemplated that the second state of FIG. 24provides a greater insulation coefficient than that which is provided bythe first state of FIG. 21, in an exemplary aspect.

FIG. 25 depicts an alternative auxetic structure 2500 formed with acarrier material 2501 and a plurality of dynamic material portions, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention. Solid lines are alsodepicted extending between the dynamic material portions to highlightthe orientation and geometric relationship between the dynamic materialportions. While these solid lines are depicted for illustrativepurposes, they are not intended to be formed on the carrier material2501 in an exemplary aspect of the present invention.

Unlike the dynamic material portions of FIGS. 21-24 that have agreater-oriented and a lesser-oriented geometry, the dynamic materialportions of the auxetic structure 2500 are uniform in nature. It iscontemplated that the great-oriented and the lesser-oriented aspectprovide structure advantages in some aspects while the uniform naturemay provide manufacturability advantages in some aspects. However,aspects of the present invention contemplate using at least one or theother arrangements in one or more particular locations of an article.

The auxetic structure 2500 is arranged with dynamic material portionspositioned at vertices and midpoints of a relationship triangle. Forexample, centered about a reference point 2502, portions 2506, 2510, and2514 are positioned at the vertices of a relationship triangle centeredon the reference point 2502. It should be noted to accomplish thenegative Poisson's ratio of the auxetic structure, those dynamicmaterial portions that form the vertices of a common relationshiptriangle also form the midpoints of different relationship triangles.Stated differently, in an exemplary aspect, an active part of a dynamicmaterial portion that forms a vertex of a first relationship trianglewill not intersect with another relationship triangle vertices. Themidpoints of the relationship triangle centered about the point 2502 areportions 2512, 2504, and 2508.

FIG. 26 depicts a dimensioned perspective of an auxetic structure 2600having a pattern of dynamic materials similar to those depicted in FIG.25, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. In particular,a representative center point 2602 is depicted that extends in apositive Z-direction from a plane in which the auxetic material wouldreside in a non-dimensioned state. As illustrated, a dynamic materialportion 2604 forms a complex shape with a crimp point at vertices 2606.The complex shape is in reference to the intersection of inversedirections of deflection that form points of binding (e.g., crimppoints), as will be illustrated in FIGS. 31-33 hereinafter.

FIG. 27 depicts a dimensioned perspective of an auxetic structure 2700having a pattern of dynamic materials similar to those depicted in FIG.25 from an opposite surface as that which was discussed in FIG. 26, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention. As a result, arelationship triangle 2706 is depicted representing the dimensionaldeflection in the negative Z-direction of a center point 2704 of theexemplary relationship triangle (having the midpoints in the process ofconverging resulting in a 6-sided object). This deflection of the centerpoint caused by dynamic material on an opposite surface of a carriermaterial 2702 forms a dimensioned structure of this material.

While FIGS. 21-27 depict dynamic materials that are positioned atvertices and midpoints of a relationship triangle orientation andtherefore utilize complex shapes (e.g., crimping) to achieve structuralaspects, FIGS. 28-30 depicts an auxetic structure that leverages themechanical attributes of dynamic materials instead substantiallyutilizing a simple curve/joint to achieve structural aspects. Stateddifferently, instead of extending between proximate relationshiptriangles as depicted in FIGS. 21-27, the dynamic materials of FIGS.28-30 substantially articulate a relative relationship triangle (e.g., arelationship triangle in which they are positioned).

FIG. 28 depicts an exemplary pattern for an auxetic structure 2800having dynamic material portions forming simple bends, in accordancewith aspects of the present invention. For example, an exemplaryrelationship triangle may be formed centered on an illustrative centerpoint 2810 and including dynamic materials portions 2804, 2806, and 2808as positioned on the carrier material 2802. While the general relativeorientation of the relationship triangles in FIGS. 21-30 are similar,the manner in which the dynamic materials are used to cause thearticulation of facets and portions of the resulting dimensional aspectsare different, as discussed above.

FIG. 29 depicts the auxetic structure of FIG. 28 in a partiallydimensioned state 2900, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention. A relationship triangle is depicted for illustrative purposeshaving a center point 2910, from which dynamic material portions 2912,2914, and 2916 radially extend. In this exemplary aspect, each of thedynamic material portions are centered on a bending axis extending froma vertex of the relationship triangle to the illustrative center point2910. Further, in this example, the dynamic material portions arepositioned within (or partially define) the relationship triangle forwhich they serve.

The material portions are contemplated as bending about a line extendingdown a longitudinal axis allowing opposite side portions to converge asa result of the bending action. Because the dynamic materials areaffixed to or otherwise coupled/formed with the carrier material, thematerial also beds at these axis of deflection to form dimensionedstructures.

FIG. 30 depicts the auxetic structure of FIG. 28 in a dimensioned state3000, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Because ofthe interaction of the dynamic material portions (e.g., a dynamicmaterial portion 3006), FIG. 30 is able to illustrate a midpoint 2004deflection that occurs even without the use of a dynamic material at themidpoint of a relationship triangle centered about a center point 3002.For example, the dynamic material portions at the vertices of therelationship triangle and the dynamic material portions at the verticesof proximate relationship triangles interact to cause a midpointdeflection.

FIG. 31 depicts an exemplary dynamic material portion 3000, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention. As previouslydiscussed and as will be discussed in greater detail with respect toFIGS. 37A-37D hereinafter, the dynamic material may be integrated,applied, coupled, or otherwise in physical cooperation with anunderlying carrier material to cause a dimensional change of the carriermaterial in response to a stimulus. The carrier material, as previouslydiscussed, may be any type of material that forms a portion of anarticle. For example, the carrier material may be a knit, woven,extruded, non-woven, or other flexible material that may form a portionof an article.

The dynamic material portion 3000 is generally depicted as a rectangularportion with an exposed top surface 3102. However, as previouslydiscussed and as contemplated, the dynamic material portion may have anyshape (e.g., circular, oval, square, rectangular, pentagon, hexagon,organic). For ease of illustrating a complex structure, a rectangularshape is depicted in FIG. 31 (and FIG. 34 hereinafter).

The dynamic material portion 3000 is depicted with a longitudinal axis3104 extending the length of the dynamic material portion 3000. Aspreviously discussed, it is contemplated that the longitudinal axis 3104may be aligned with (or cause) a line segment extending from arelationship triangle and a center point of the relationship triangle,in an exemplary aspect. As depicted in FIGS. 32 and 33 hereinafter, thelongitudinal axis is a line on which the dynamic material portion 3000articulates in both a positive direction and a negative direction. It isthis interaction of both a positive and a negative articulate along acommon axis that provides a dimensional change to the dynamic materialportion 3000, which results in an apex (e.g., crimp point) at theintersection of the longitudinal axis 3104 and a first transition line3106 and a second transition line 3108.

At the transition lines 3106 and 3108, the dynamic material portion 3000transitions from having a negative articulation to a positivearticulation along the longitudinal axis 3104. Further, the transitionlines 3106 and 3108 align with (or cerate) the sides of a relationshiptriangle of an exemplary auxetic structure. While the term relationshiptriangle is used herein as an indicator of geometric relationship amongdynamic material portions and their articulation locations, it iscontemplated that any geometric pattern may align with one or morearticulation locations of the dynamic material portion 3000, in anexemplary aspect. In an exemplary aspect, the transition line 3106 formsan angle from the longitudinal axis 3104 that is symmetrical with the anangle created between the longitudinal axis 3104 and transition line3108. In an exemplary aspect, the angle between a transition line andthe longitudinal axis is between 22.5 and 37.5 degrees in a facet 3114(and in a facet 3116). Consequently, an angle between the transitionline 3108 and 3106 is between 45 degrees and 75 degrees. In an exemplaryaspect, the angle between the transition line 3108 and 3106 is 60degrees. As other relationship geometries are contemplated, additionalangles are also contemplated that are greater than 75 degrees and lessthan 45 degrees, in exemplary aspects.

The dynamic material portion 3000 forms at least four facets between thelongitudinal axis 3104 and the transition lines 3108 and 3106. Thefacets are 3110, 3112, 3116, and 3114. Facets 3110 and 3112 form a“V”-like structure (as depicted in FIG. 32) and facets 3116 and 3114form a upside down “V”-like structure (as depicted in FIG. 33). In anexemplary aspect, the orientation of the dynamic material portion 3000affects the resulting dimensional structure. For example, the previouslydiscussed greater oriented portions of FIG. 20 (e.g., Portions 2004,2006, and 2008) would have the facets 3110 and 3112 oriented proximatethe circular area 2002 of FIG. 20. Further, the lesser oriented portionsof FIG. 20 would have the facets 3116 and 3114 oriented proximate thecircular area 2002 of FIG. 20. Stated differently, it is contemplatedthat the facets 3116 and 3114 form the vertices of a relationshiptriangle while the faces 3110 and 3112 are arranged along midpoints of arelationship triangle.

FIG. 32 depicts a cross sectional view of the dynamic material portion3000 along cutline 32-32, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention. The dynamic material portion 3000 is depicted having the topsurface 3102 and a bottom surface 3204. Also depicted are the facets3114 and 3116 as they extend from the longitudinal axis 3104.

FIG. 33 depicts a cross sectional view of the dynamic material portion3000 along cutline 33-33, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention. The dynamic material portion 3000 is depicted having the topsurface 3102 and the bottom surface 3204. Also depicted are the facets3110 and 3112 as they extend from the longitudinal axis 3104.

Similar to FIG. 31 discussed above, FIG. 34 depicts a dynamic materialportion 3400, in accordance with aspect of the present invention. Inparticular, the dynamic material portion 3400 relies on a convex curveand a concave curve forming a complex curve (of this complex shape) thatprovides the structural form for creating dimensionality. For example,facets 3410 and 3412 formed above transition arc 3408 and transition arc3406 respectively are convex in this example, as depicted in FIG. 36hereinafter. Facets 3416 and 3414 formed below the transition arc 3408and transition arc 3406 respectively are concave in this example, asdepicted in FIG. 35 hereinafter.

The radius of the transition arc 3406 and 3408 may vary depending on thegeometry of the relationship between dynamic material portions. Asdiscussed with respect to FIG. 31, the angle of a transition line off ofa longitudinal axis 3404 may be altered, just as a radius definingtransition arcs may be altered, to achieve a desired structure andresulting dimension when a plurality of dynamic material portions areutilized together.

FIG. 35 depicts a cross sectional view of the dynamic material portion3400 along cutline 35-35, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention. Facets 3414 and 3416 are depicted in this concave curvestructure.

FIG. 36 depicts a cross sectional view of the dynamic material portion3400 along cutline 36-36, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention. Facets 3410 and 3412 are depicted in this convex curvestructure.

Consequently, it is contemplated that complex curves/bends may beimplemented to form a structural member from dynamic materials in anexemplary aspect. Examples of complex curves/bends were discussed inconnection with at least FIGS. 20 and 25. It is further contemplatedthat simple curves/bends may be implemented from dynamic materials in anexemplary aspect. An example of a simple curve/bend relationship wasdiscussed in connection with at least FIG. 28. Further, it iscontemplated that any combination of simple and/or complex curves/bendsmay be used in a common article to achieve a desired change indimensionality by dynamic materials.

From the foregoing, it is contemplated that an article of clothing, suchas a shirt, shorts, pants, outwear (e.g., coat, snow pants, rain pants)or any other garment to be worn may be formed having an auxeticstructure that is able to be changed in shape based on the force appliedto the underlying carrier material by a dynamic material. This is incontrast to a force being applied by a non-associated input, such as ahuman. Because it is contemplated that the dynamic material isintegrated into an article of clothing, it is contemplated that thecarrier material on which the dynamic materials are integrated isflexible in nature, such as is typically used in an article of clothing.On the carrier material a number of dynamic material portions arepositioned. For example it is contemplated that the dynamic materialportions may be oriented in a radial manner about a common point. Inthis example, it is contemplated that a complex shape (e.g., complexbend forming a crimp point and a complex curve forming a crimp arc) isformed by the dynamic material portion. When a stimulus is realized bythe dynamic material, such as thermal energy, the auxetic structureformed by the carrier material and the dynamic material changed from afirst thickness to a second thickens. It is understood that the“thickness” of the structure is not limited to a thickness of thecombined materials, but instead a measure of the dimensionality asformed by the tessellation or movement of the dynamic materials. Stateddifferently, the thickness is measured based on the offset distance of acenter point of a relationship triangle when in a dimensioned state froma plane the materials would be located in absent the dimensionalitycreated by the dynamic materials. Stated in yet a different manner, the“thickness” may be a measure of loft-forming volume created by theoffset of portions of the auxetic structure.

The method of manufacturing an article having dynamic materialintegrated therein for forming a dimensioned product may occur in anumber of contemplated manners. For example, it is contemplated that thedynamic material is integrated into the article. This integration mayinclude applying a laminate of dynamic materials to a carrier material,printing a dynamic material to the carrier material, and/or integratingdynamic materials at the fiber level (e.g., inserting dynamic materialinfused fibers into the manufactured carrier material). This integrationmay occur at any stage of manufacture of the article. For example, theintegration may be a post-process integration, during assembly, or atany point materials of the article are being handled. Further, it iscontemplated that the dynamic material are integrated in atwo-dimensional manner and then later taught a three-dimensional shape.Further, it is contemplated that the dynamic material are inserted in atwo dimensional manner, taught a relatively two-dimensional shape andthen formed in a three dimensional manner.

An additional step in the method may include the integration of one ormore biasing portions. The biasing portions may be integrate at a commontime (or with) the dynamic materials. They may be integrated at a latertime, such as during a teaching phase, or they may be integrated afterthe dynamic materials are exposed to one or more teaching steps. Thebiasing material may be integrated in the manners described with thedynamic materials, such as printing, bonding, laminating, fiber-levelintegration, and/or mechanical coupling.

Another step in an exemplary aspect of manufacturing a dynamic materialintegrated article includes the programming the dynamic material in afirst shape. The programming, as discussed hereinabove, may includeexposing the material to a stimulus above a threshold for that material.For example, then the dynamic material is a shape memory polymer, theteaching may be performed with thermal energy at a temperature above ornear the glass transition temperature of the material.

Yet another step in an exemplary aspect of manufacturing a dynamicmaterial integrated article includes exposing the dynamic material to astimulus sufficient to changing from a second shape to the first shape.In this example, the second shape may be a dimensioned shape creating aloft-like volume (e.g., a thicker thickness than the first shape). Uponthe application of a stimulus, such as thermal energy, the dynamicmaterial changes from the second shape to the first shape. Thisapplication of stimulus causing a change from the second shape to thefirst shape may be used to ensure the first shape was learned as taught,in an exemplary aspect.

Permeable Structures

Aspects of the present invention contemplate implementing dynamicmaterials to alter the permeability characteristics of an article. Forexample, as discussed with respect to at least FIGS. 10A-10C and FIGS.16-19 b, it is contemplated that permeability for air movement and/ormoisture movement may be altered through the manipulation of an articleby a dynamic material. An additional concept contemplated forfacilitating dynamic material driven permeability in an article idedepicted in FIGS. 38-42 discussed hereinafter.

FIG. 38 depicts a series of dynamic materials segments 3800, inaccordance with aspects of the present invention. The dynamic materialforms segments that are coupled with, formed on, integrated with, orotherwise connected to a carrier material that forms a portion of anarticle. The dynamic material segments, such as a segment 3802, causeand elongation of the segment and an associated portion of a carriermaterial in response to a stimulus. For example, in response to anincrease in thermal energy (e.g., a rise in temperature for a wearer ofthe article), the dynamic material segments stretch from end to end. Theincrease in length may be accomplished through the dynamic materialincreasing the angle between one or more of the zigzag segments of thelength of dynamic material segment.

FIG. 39 depicts a dynamic material actuated permeable structure 3900 ina “closed” orientation, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention. A series of dynamic material segments, such as segments 3906and 3908 are associated with a dual-layer material. The dual-layermaterial has a top layer of material 3902 and a bottom layer material3904. The top layer 3902 and the bottom layer 3904 have opposite butcorresponding half-diamond cuts forming “gill” portions extendingthrough the layers. The gill portions provide the appearance of adiamond shape based on the intermingling of the top layer 3902half-diamond cut and the bottom layer 3904 opposite half diamond cut.

As will be depicted in the following figures, as the dynamic materialsegments 3906 and 3908 extend in response to a stimulus (e.g., anincrease in thermal energy), the bottom layer 3904 is compressedlaterally by the reducing width of the top layer 3902 half diamond cut,which results in an upward “puckering” of the bottom layer 3904 gillsegment. A similar action occurs to the top layer 3902 as it extendsthrough the bottom layer 3904. This coordinated puckering action createsa channel through which gas and moisture may pass.

FIG. 40 depicts a dynamic material actuated permeable structure 4000 inan “open” orientation, in accordance with aspects of the presentinvention. The dynamic material segments are not depicted in FIG. 40;however, it is contemplated that dynamic material segments are used. Thedynamic material segments may be positioned on a top surface of the topmaterial, on a bottom surface of the bottom material and/or between thetop and bottom materials, in exemplary aspects.

The dynamic material actuated permeable structure 4000 is in an openstate having a “puckering” effect of a bottom material as it extendsthrough a top material 4001. For example, the bottom material has afirst gill portion top surface 4002 and a first gill portion bottomsurface 4004. The first gill portion also is formed from the topmaterial 4001 with a top surface portion 4003. A second gill portions isdepicted with a top material 4001 top surface portion 4006. The secondgill portion is further formed from the bottom material extendingthrough the top material 4001 with a bottom material top surface 4010.This second gill portion provide an opening for heat, air, and moistureto transfer through the dynamic material actuated permeable structure4000, the opening formed in the second gill portion is identified with anumbering 4008. This puckering effect is replicated on the bottommaterial as gill portions of the top material extend through the bottommaterial, in an exemplary aspect.

FIG. 41 depicts a cross sectional view along a cutline 41-41 of FIG. 40,in accordance with aspects of the present invention. The top material4001 and a bottom material 4102 are depicted with the intermingling ofgill portions formed from half diamond cuts in each layer. For example,a first gill portion top surface 4003 of the top material 4001 isdepicted passing below a gill portion of the bottom material 4102. Thisfirst gill portion bottom material 4102 has a top surface 4002 and abottom surface 4004. A second gill portion is depicted having the topmaterial 4001 with a top surface 4006 on the second gill portion passingbelow the bottom material 4102. The bottom surface 4102 in the secondgill portion has an exposed top surface 4010 that passes above the topmaterial 4001, in this open structure. The opening of the first gillportion and the second gill portion through the movement of the dynamicmaterial creates the opening 4008 of the second gill portion throughwhich heat and moisture may more easily pass.

FIG. 42 depicts dynamic material actuated permeable structure 4200 in anopen state, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Inparticular, a relative direction of force applied by the dynamicmaterial portions is illustrated to depict the direction causing theopening of the channels through which air may pass. It is contemplatedthat the greater the increase in temperature, the greater amount offorce applied, resulting in a greater amount of opening by the gillstructures. Consequently, the greater the permeability, the better thearticle is at expelling excess heat and allowing for a cooling effect,which may translate into a reducing in thermal energy stimulus beingapplied to the SMP. Therefore, it is contemplated that the dynamicmaterial and carrier materials form a self-regulating passive thermalmanagement system. Stated differently, the greater a temperature of awearer's body, the more permeability the article provides. Similarly, asthe thermal energy expelled by the wearer decreases, so does thepermeability of the article until the first material and the secondmaterial are in a coordinated flush state effectively closing thechannels formed in the gill portions.

In view of the aspects contemplated above, an exemplary permeablestructure for an article of clothing (e.g., shirt, shorts, pants,outerwear, head wear, hand wear, and footwear) may include a firstmaterial portion, such as those types of materials provided herein ascarrier material. The first material has a top surface and an oppositebottom surface, a first end and an opposite second end, and a first sideand an opposite second side. The permeable structure also is formed witha second material portion having a top surface and an opposite bottomsurface, a first end and an opposite second end, and a first side and anopposite second side. The first material portion and the second materialportions are aligned on top of one another.

In this exemplary permeable structure, the first material forms a gill,such as a half diamond-shaped gill. Similarly, the second material alsohas a gill, which may be an opposite, but symmetrical gill to that ofthe first material. In combination, it is contemplated that the twogills operate together to form a permeability channel through which air,heat, and/or moisture may transfer. However, it is also contemplatedthat a single gill may be implemented to achieve the desired increase inpermeability. The formation of the gill may be accomplished with a gillslit extending through the material top surface and bottom surface andextending in a first-side-to-second-side direction with an inflectionpoint more proximate the first end than the second end, the firstmaterial gill slit forming a first material gill. It is contemplatedthat this gill slit may be linear or curved. For example, a linear gillslit may have an inflection point that is a vertex of a to-be-formedhalf diamond gill. Similarly, the gill slit may be curved having aninflection point that is an apex of the curve. The inflection points aregenerally in a more first end or second end that the starting points ofthe gill slit.

Together, a gill from the first material and a corresponding butopposite gill from the second material may pass through the oppositematerial to form a channel-like structure that when a dimensionalgeometric change occurs, opens the channel to increase permeability.This dimensional change may be accomplished with a dynamic material,such as a shape memory polymer, coupled to at least the first material,if not also the second material. When a stimulus is applied to thedynamic material, a compressive or tension force is exerted by thedynamic material one or more portions of the first material and/or thesecond material that causes an elongation of the portions affected. Theelongation force causes a puckering effect where the inflection pointsextend in a Z-direction away from a plane in which they were positionedprior to the elongation. This puckering effect in essence forms adimensional apex in the Z-direction as the gills stand off from thematerial through which they extend or are formed.

The manufacturing of an exemplary aspect is provided herein. However, itis contemplated that additional or different steps may be implemented toaccomplish the same. The method may include a step of integrating adynamic material with an article. As previously discussed, theintegration may include printing, bonding, laminating, and/orfiber-level integration. The method may include programming the dynamicmaterial in a first shape. In an exemplary aspect, the dynamic materialmay be formed in a zigzag manner and then programmed in a more linear(e.g., straighter) manner. In this example, if the dynamic material is ashape memory polymer responsive to heat, as a wearer of the articlegenerates more heat, the dynamic material straightens, which causes anelongation force that translates into an opening of one or more gills.The method may also include the creating of a gill in a first materialand/or creating a gill in a second material of the article. The gillportions may then be caused to extend through a gill slit used to formthe opposite gill. In an exemplary aspect.

While specific implementations of dynamic materials and materialassemblies are provided herein, it is understood that additionalmechanical structures and variations to depicted mechanical structuresare contemplated. Variations in size, geometry, and orientation of oneor more portions of a mechanical structure are contemplated whileallowing for a dynamic material to aid in controlling environmentalconditions of an article. Therefore, although the construction isdescribed above by referring to particular aspects, it should beunderstood that the modifications and variations could be made to theconstruction described without departing from the intended scope ofprotection provided by the following claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An article of apparel comprising: a carriermaterial that is flexible; a plurality of dynamic material portionsphysically associated with the carrier material such that the carriermaterial and the plurality of dynamic material portions form an auxeticstructure geometrically responsive to a stimulus; and the auxeticstructure extending in an X-Y plane and being convertible between afirst state and a second state in response to a transition from a firststimulus to a second stimulus, wherein, in response to the transitionfrom the first stimulus to the second stimulus, the plurality of dynamicmaterial portions responds by extending in an x-direction of the X-Yplane to cause the auxetic structure lengthen in a y-direction of theX-Y plane.
 2. The article of apparel of claim 1, wherein the carriermaterial is a woven material, a knit material, or non-woven material. 3.The article of apparel of claim 1, wherein the auxetic structure furthercomprises a thickness in a Z-direction perpendicular to the X-Y plane,wherein the plurality of dynamic material portions are arranged in afirst thickness of the auxetic structure in the Z-direction in the firststate and are arranged in a second thickness of the auxetic structure inthe Z-direction in the second state, and wherein the auxetic structuretransitions from the first thickness to the second thickness in responseto the transition from the first stimulus to the second stimulus.
 4. Thearticle of apparel of claim 3, wherein the first thickness is thickerthan the second thickness.
 5. The article of apparel of claim 1, whereinthe first stimulus and the second stimulus include respective quantitiesof thermal energy.
 6. The article of apparel of claim 1, wherein thefirst stimulus and the second stimulus include respective quantities ofmoisture.
 7. The article of apparel of claim 1, wherein the firststimulus and the second stimulus include respective quantities ofmechanical energy.
 8. The article of apparel of claim 1, wherein a firstdynamic material portion forms a complex shape with a positive bend anda negative bend along a common axis of the first dynamic materialportion.
 9. The article of apparel of claim 1, wherein a first dynamicmaterial portion forms a complex curve with a concave curve and a convexcurve along a common axis of the first dynamic material portion.
 10. Anarticle of apparel comprising: a carrier material that is flexible; anda plurality of dynamic material portions physically associated with theflexible carrier material and geometrically responsive to a stimulus,wherein the plurality of dynamic material portions includes a firstplurality of elongated portions extending in a first direction and asecond plurality of elongated portions extending in a second direction,and wherein the first plurality of elongated portions and the secondplurality of elongated portions intersect to form an auxetic latticestructure that is convertible between a first state and a second statein response to a change from a first quantity of the stimulus to asecond quantity of the stimulus.
 11. The article of apparel of claim 10,wherein elongated portions included in the first plurality of elongatedportions are aligned substantially parallel to one another and elongatedportions included in the second plurality of elongated portions arealigned substantially parallel to one another.
 12. The article ofapparel of claim 10, wherein the auxetic lattice structure extends in anX-Y plane, and wherein in response to a transition from a first amountof the stimulus to a second amount of the stimulus, the first pluralityof elongated portions responds by extending in an x-direction of the X-Yplane to extend the second plurality of elongated portions in ay-direction of the X-Y plane.
 13. The article of apparel of claim 10,wherein in the first state the first plurality of elongated portionsincludes a first length, and wherein in the second state the firstplurality of elongated portions includes a second length, which islonger than the first length.
 14. The article of apparel of claim 10,wherein the first quantity and the second quantity include respectivequantities of thermal energy.
 15. The article of apparel of claim 10,wherein the first quantity and the second quantity include respectivequantities of moisture.
 16. The article of apparel of claim 10, whereinthe first quantity and the second quantity include respective quantitiesof mechanical energy.
 17. A method of manufacturing an article ofapparel, the method comprising: physically incorporating a firstplurality of elongated dynamic material portions with a carriermaterial, the first plurality of elongated dynamic material portionsbeing geometrically responsive to a stimulus changing from a firststimulus quantity to as second stimulus quantity; physicallyincorporating a second plurality of elongated dynamic material portionswith the carrier material, such that the first plurality of elongateddynamic material portions and the second plurality of elongated dynamicmaterial portions are arranged to intersect and to form an auxeticlattice structure; and the auxetic lattice structure extending in an X-Yplane, and the auxetic lattice structure being convertible between afirst state and a second state when the first plurality of elongateddynamic material portions lengthen in an x-direction of the X-Y plane inresponse to the stimulus changing from the first stimulus quantity tothe second stimulus quantity.
 18. The method of claim 17, whereinphysically incorporating includes screen printing or laminating, suchthat the first and second plurality of elongated dynamic materialportions are screen printed or laminated onto to a surface of thecarrier material.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein physicallyincorporating includes integrating the first and second plurality ofelongated dynamic material portions with the carrier material byinterweaving, interknitting, or a combination thereof.
 20. The method ofclaim 17, wherein auxetic lattice structure is laser cut, die cut, orknife cut from a sheet of the dynamic material.